Community Based Correctional Program Research Proposal

Network Based Correctional Program - Research Proposal Example The program is likewise planned for evaluating the conduct and mental characteristics of people in the program, which lead them to take part in substance misuse. 1. The main target of the program is to give essential directing administrations to the people who have a substance misuse issue (Marlowe, 2010). This target will likewise concentrate on individualized treatment of the people, combined with steady checking and appraisal of the guilty parties. 2. Furnish the customers in the program with a profoundly particular treatment administration for the period in which they are in the program. This will incorporate a totally organized treatment and remedial treatment administration planned for distinguishing and lessening the base of the compound maltreatment issue (CCP, 2012). 5. Offer different types of assistance that help in improving the concoction and mental wellbeing of the customer. These administrations incorporate resentment the board, child rearing aptitudes, social, sexual orientation affectability, and alcoholic control (CCP, 2012). Since the program is intended to commend the administrations of the state in the arrangement of recovery benefits, the fundamental customer base served by the program will be people who abuse their paroles to a level that requires their arrival to jail (Lipton, 1999). These people will be chiefly made out of disregarding parolees who are esteemed to have a compound maltreatment nature and must experience sedate recovery. The subsequent gatherings to be served by the program incorporate guilty parties at present experiencing detainment at state jails, however are commanded by the controllers and jail sheets to experience compound recovery (Lipton, 1999). These guilty parties will be removed from their detainment facilities and kept in the program offices. Different customers will be the guilty parties who are requested by particular courts to serve compound reliance programs preceding their discharge structure state and government jail administrations (Lipton, 1999).

Comparative ecology of urban and rural foxes

Relative nature of urban and provincial foxes Theoretical The red fox (vulpus) is a versatile creature that can be found anyplace with sufficient food and safe house, it is along these lines not amazing that they have adjusted from a country to a urban setting. Scarcely any investigations have straightforwardly thought about urban and rustic fox biology. This audit had two essential goals; (1) To depict environment use by urban and country foxes and (2) to talk about the variety in their eating routine, populace elements, reasons for mortality, social association and conduct by connecting these varieties to contrasts in their living space. Numerous similitudes were seen between the urban and country fox. It was reasoned that the highlights which decide the appropriation and bounty of foxes may contrast contingent upon their territory. The weight control plans of urban and country foxes are proposed to be recognized by contrasts in degree instead of contrasts in kind. In urban zones where thick populaces of foxes live in closeness there must likewise be more prominent social inclusion than in the less related rustic fox networks. Populace thickness is significant while thinking about the spread of epizootic maladies and the planning and level of populace dispersal. 1. Presentation Over the previous century increments in human populace thickness have heightened the procedure of urbanization (Mc Kinney, 2002). Creatures are presently stood up to with a scope of novel conditions in light of the adjustments of the regular habitat wherein they commonly flourish. This can possibly affect both their life cycle and examples of conduct (Dickman and Doncaster, 1987). As of late the impact of urbanization on the red fox (vulpes) has been exceptionally compelling. The idea that natural connections of creatures may contrast as indicated by the kind of environment they possess isn't new. Contrasts will emerge contingent upon the idea of the creatures territory connections and their life history. For instance, the dark squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and the racoon (Procyon lotor) are emphatically affected by urban factors, for example, closeness to houses, counterfeit feeders, or other physical structures (Flyger, 1970; Harris 1986). The foxs effective change from a provincial to a urban situation isn't unexpected as they are shrewd creatures that are dispersed over a wide decent variety of territories. In Russia and Europe they can be found in the cold tundra, and have been accounted for on ocean ice 100km north of the closest land (Harris, 1986). Foxes are to be discovered southwards in most European natural surroundings. They live from western Asia to eastern Japan and southwards into the deserts of North African. All through the vast majority of the terrain environments in North America similar types of fox is discovered (Hutchins at al, 2003). The wide conveyance of the red fox, the decent variety of living spaces where it tends to be found and the speed with which foxes have colonized regions, for example, Australia are on the whole signs of its flexibility (Harris and Yalden, 2008). This audit has two essential targets: 1. To depict natural surroundings usage by urban and rustic foxes. 2. To examine the variety in their eating regimen, populace elements, reasons for mortality, social association and conduct by connecting these varieties to contrasts in their living space. 2. Natural surroundings Utilization. In both urban and provincial conditions foxes are generally copious in various living spaces that offer a wide assortment of food and spread (Goldyn, 2003; Harris and Rayner, 1986; Mac Donald Sillero, 2004). They practice decision in choosing a spot to live inside the limitations forced by their social conduct (Lloyd, 1980). There are two proposed purposes behind the accomplishment of the red fox over its wide circulation: 1. Size The fox is sufficiently little to be inconspicuous, yet enormous enough to have the option to move significant distances when vital. Thusly, it can undoubtedly colonize new regions and search territories where recourses are dissipated (Harris, 1986). 2. Absence of specialization The red fox can flourish in an assortment of areas as it has no specific natural surroundings prerequisites (Lloyd, 1980). 2.1. Provincial Habitat. The general view of a country living space appropriate for fox home is a differing scene comprising of clean and forest (Llyod, 1980). Nonetheless, provincial living spaces likewise incorporate mountains (over the treeline), moorlands, costal ridges and horticultural territories, for example, arable and peaceful farmlands. Foxes have demonstrated a checked inclination for little coniferous forests in upland zones that are liberated from anthropogenic impact and bear the cost of good asylum (Goldyn, 2003). Enormous coniferous manors are commonly poor scrounging regions for the fox; be that as it may, while ground vegetation remains they are additionally acceptable territories (Harris and Yalden, 2008). The fundamental factor affecting the area of provincial foxes is the accessibly and dissemination of food cover is commonly not a restricting asset (Goldyn, 2003). Nooks have an essential significance for foxes, as reproducing places, yet in addition as a safe house for grown-ups during the entire year (Meia and Weber, 1993). The country fox dives nooks in a wide assortment of territories including; banks; augmented old hare tunnels; neglected or involved badger setts; additionally common openings in rock fissure and depletes (Harris 1977a; Harris 1986). Vegetative spread and water should be inside or near denning destinations for this species. They ought to likewise be situated close to territories with a decent prey base as females only here and there go the greater part a mile from their lairs (Hoover and Wills, 1987). In farmland regions foxes have indicated an inclination for denning locales that are undisturbed by people. Wood edges and woodlots are practically elite natural surroundings where fox sanctums are arranged (Lariviere, 1966). In farmlands neighboring lush territories just a minority of foxes will situate in an open territory, for example, arable land. Goszozynskis study (1985) indicated that in a territory with 21% timberland inclusion; just 2% of all lairs were situated in open living spaces. Anyway Goldyn (2003) found that in farmlands where wood spread is missing, foxes can effectively adjust to totally various conditions, arriving at high nook destinations. The banks of seepage trench, bog banks and limit strips between fields were additionally habitually utilized as lair areas. This is demonstrative of the versatile idea of the fox in a problematic natural surroundings. 2.2. Urban natural surroundings. With the end goal of this audit a urban environment will allude to any living space inside a developed region that doesn't happen normally outside it. Urban living spaces incorporate nurseries, parks, badlands, street borderlines, railroad tracks and burial grounds (www.wildberks.co.uk). Urban living spaces have become environments in which warm blooded animal populaces have adjusted their way of life so as to endure. These divided environments give rearing locales, food and asylum for foxes (Macdonald and Newdick, 1982). In the past there has been some disarray concerning which propensities are significant for the urban fox. It was noted by Llyod (1968) that urban foxes may live in gardens, however for the most part they cover in daytime in forests, parks, graveyards, and congested locales, for example, separated structure plots. Later Harris (1977a) noticed that the daytime rests of most significance hush up gardens (independent of size) and comparable household environments, he recommended that parks and open spaces were of little significance; this is obvious in Table 1. Territory factors seem to effectsly affect the dispersion of foxes. Like foxes found in rustic territories, the urban fox is most ordinarily found in regions of differing living space. In a urban situation assorted natural surroundings incorporate regions where industry, business or gathering leased lodging prevail (Harris and Rayner, 1986). In London the accessibility of appropriate living spaces for daytime harbourage is a signi ficant restricting variable for the conveyance of and numbers in fox populaces (Harris, 1977a). Living space Number of Specimens Percent of examples Percent of surburban land use Resedential living spaces gardens, garden sheds, basements, houses 226 59.79 40.19 Mechanical natural surroundings sewage stations, processing plants, manufacturers yards, nurseries 28 7.41 3.72 Empty land, typically without free 32 8.47 6.01 Parks and open spaces 33 8.73 10.53 Emergency clinics 9 2.38 1.10 Distributions 20 5.29 1.29 Cemetries 10 2.65 0.74 English rail and underground lines 9 2.38 2.29 Greens 5 1.32 No information Sports grounds and school fields 3 0.79 2.29 Trash tips 2 0.53 0.59 Air terminals 1 0.26 1.58 Street passings 22 Different environments 29.67 Aggregates (barring street passings) 378 100.00 100.00 Table 1: Harris (1977a) gathered and recorded the area of 400 urban fox carcasses in London. This information showed the general significance of the different urban natural surroundings as daytime harbourage. It has additionally been proposed by a few creators that railroad lines might be an especially significant natural surroundings for the urban fox. Radio-following in Edinburgh uncovered that the sorts of living spaces visited by foxes generally mirrored their accessibility. Railroad lines were especially imperative to hound foxes as pathways between parts of their range (Treweila and Harris, 1990). In London normal unsettling influence is the fundamental factor overseeing the circulation of lairs. Most of natal caves are arranged in undisturbed territories including under nursery sheds, calm nurseries and railroad dikes. Barely any litters are brought up in lairs in regions of free; this is outlined in Table 2 (Harris, 1977a). Provincial foxes have additionally demonstrated an inclination for denning locales that are undisturbed by people (Goldyn, 2003). Circumstance Number of Specimens Percent Under nursery sheds with raised floors 36 37.1 Under solid floors of carports, out-structures, and raised floors of summer-houses and convenient cottages 10 10.3 In air-assault covers 1 1.0 In channels 1 1.0 In b

Write A Paper On The Design Features Of A Suburban Shopping Mall

Write A Paper On The Design Features Of A Suburban Shopping Mall Write A Paper On The Design Features Of A Suburban Shopping Mall According To The Principles Of â€" Essay Example > [Class]Design features of a suburban shopping mall according to the principles of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Consciously or sub-consciously, human beings react to the environment on a continuous pattern. These reactions to the surroundings may help in deploying better safety measures for the community. This leads to a decrease in criminal activity and makes places such as homes, offices, shops and malls safer for both consumers and commercial entrepreneurs as well. The better security infrastructure helps the government and its legal bodies to control and manage places with possible crimes and eventually would have to spend less on crime prevention (Hearnden Moore, 1999). The concept of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is built upon the same philosophy of turning the environment into a less lucrative opportunity for criminals. This would result in a better quality of life and people would be aware of better crime prevention strateg ies. Where crime prevention may be used as a tool to identify the possibility of a crime that can be committed so a precautionary step may be taken to prevent the crime form happening or reducing its magnitude (Hearnden Moore, 1999). CPTED defines the process of prevention of crime by elaborating on the studies of the ways sites may be designed. These structures are built through collaboration with engineers, architects, planners and the end consumers along with all government law authorities to create security definitions. New methodologies are created along with developments on the old ones to integrate the processes that are necessary to make places crime proof (Hearnden Moore, 1999). Many professionals related to the designing of the physical buildings of different types have always taken into account the possibilities of hazards relating to fire, earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters. However, more recently, these structural engineers and architects have been made aware to consider crimes that are committed in the community not as a luck or fate, but more of a man made hazard. Furthermore, more and more research and standards have directed the designing of these structures as to be consistent in dealing with crime through the quality of the design on the structure and the environment it is set in (Vallani Nahoun, 2001). It is important for the local business setups to flourish if the community in its surrounding has to grow as a clean and safe place for people to live and bring up their children. But for the local businesses operations to be successful it is imperative for them to operate in a safe and insured environment not only for themselves but for the consumers as well. Shopping malls, office commercial entities, individual retail operations, public service areas, restaurants and hotels, drive-through ATMs and other services are all naked to the threat of criminal activity. The shopping malls may be the centre for public access and act as a centre of many functions of daily life, it may suffer the greatest threat form the criminal activity because of its nature of public access at all times (Vallani Nahoun, 2001). Shopping malls are faced with crimes that may happen in relation to the public damage, damage pf property, individual robbery or loss, theft in stores and the parking lot crimes. As it is open for public it has a high rate of the presence of undesirable users that are present and this number increases as the mall gains more and more popularity and size. Therefore, it is very important for structural designers and architects to infuse the concepts of CPTED and its principles in the design of any shopping mall (Vallani Nahoun, 2001).

Axial stresses - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3697 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Physics Essay Type Descriptive essay Tags: Stress Essay Did you like this example? An analysis of the state of stresses generated by torsion in twisted non-circular bars Abstract One of the main problems that must be solved in the design of the machine components stressed in torsion is to establish their optimum shapes and dimensions in order to resist for a given twisting load. Also, in the case of some parts (crankshafts, ornamental bars, blades of screw propeller for torpedoes) manufactured by using plastic torsion as technologic operation the designer must determine the needed deformation energy. An important factor that has a direct implication on the designing methodology and on the resistance to torsion of these components is the state of stress generated by the twisting load application. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Axial stresses" essay for you Create order Usually, the components that transmit or must support twisting moments are circular or tubular in cross-section, but in certain cases components with other than circular sections can be used. The present paper reviews the main aspects concerning the state of stress generated by elastic and plastic torsion in non-circular bars. Keywords: Torsion; State of stress; Shearing stresses; Axial stresses; Non-circular bars 1. Introduction By considering a non-circular bar stressed in torsion, the following effects generated by the twisting load application are emphasized by the Theory of Elasticity in the twisted bar: the helical orientation of the initially straight fibres, especially, for large angles of twist; the warping of the plane cross-sections; the change in length of the material fibres and differences in length from a deformed fibre to another; the modification of the initially right angle between the deformed fibre and the section normal to it. One of the main factors that generates or influences these effects is the state of stress, which occurs in bars during torsion. Relating to this state of stress generated by torsion, the Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity discusses, generally, about the shearing stresses that act on the cross-sections of the twisted bars. 1.1. Remark The solutions for the problems concerning the shearing stresses magnitude and distribution on the cross-sections of elastic, elastic-plastic and plastic twisted bars, circular or non-circular in cross-section, can be found in Refs.[1],[2],[5],[6],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17]and[18]. Some authors analyzed the possibility that axial stresses to be developed in certain conditions in the twisted bars. Thus, an experimental analysis concerning the development of axial stresses during hot torsion tests, for the case of round samples twisted for different ranges of temperature, is presented in Ref.[7]. According to the obtained results it has been concluded that hot torsion develop in twisted bars axial stresses whose distribution and magnitude depend on temperature range. Some aspects relating to the generation of axial stresses in the twisted non-circular bars are also discussed in Ref.[3]. The knowledge of the values and distribution of the stresses in a twisted bar is of a great importance for the designing and manufacturing processes of different machine components. Thus, by knowing the maximum value and the distribution of the stresses on different sections, the designer can establish an optimum shape of the component section can determine the optimum dimensions of the machine components and can verify certain sections of the bar stressed by torsion. Also, the knowledge of the stresses value and distribution will permit to determine the deformation energy needed to manufacture different parts by using torsion as technologic operation. On the other hand, the knowledge of the state of stress due to torsion will permit to elucidate different phenomena that occur in the twisted bars. Concerning the state of stress generated by torsion in the twisted non-circular bars, the present paper addresses the following questions: 1. What is the real state of stresses generated by torsion in a non-circular bar? 2. What is the variation of the stresses on the cross and longitudinal sections of the twisted non-circular bars? In answer to these questions, the paper performs an analytical analysis concerning the shearing stresses distribution and, based on some theoretical suppositions or experimental investigations, discusses the possibility that the axial stresses to be generated and developed in the twisted non-circular bars. 2. Shearing stresses distribution on different cross-section shapesa review According to the Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity related to torsion, the state of stress on the cross-section of a twisted bar is characterized by the following general properties[2],[3],[6],[10],[13]and[17]: in the case of elastic torsion, the state of stress in an arbitrary point of the section corresponds to the state of pure shear and the shearing stress vector reaches its maximum value on the section contour; in the case of elastic-plastic torsion, the following two regions can be distinguished on the cross-section of bar: an elastic region, located in the close proximity of the axis of bar, where the Hookes law is valid at any point and the stress distribution presents similar aspects like in the case of elastic torsion; a plastic region, which starts when the shearing stress reaches the yield valuekand satisfies the condition of plasticity expressed by the relation: wherexzandyzare the non-zero components of the shearing stresses resultant andmaxis the maximum value of the shearing stress; in the case of fully plastic torsion, by considering that the whole section is in yielding state, the shearing stress vector is constant in magnitude and its direction is perpendicular to the normal on the contour of the plastic region. The distribution and the magnitude of the shearing stresses present different aspects as a function of cross-section shape and dimensions. This paragraph analyses the main aspects concerning the shearing stress distribution on the most frequently used non-circular sections. 2.1. Sections having curvilinear contours In the case of a solid elliptic cross-section, having the semi-axesaandband stressed by the twisting momentT( 1), the distribution of the shearing stresses presents the following aspects[1],[6],[13],[14]and[15]: the resultant of the shearing stresses can be calculated by using the following relation: the two components of the shearing stress vector (xz,yz) have a linear variation along the Oxand Oyaxis, these components and their maximum values being expressed by the following relations: the maximum stress will occur on the elliptic contour in the point closest by the axis of bar atx=a,y=b, its value being given by the relation: whereis the angle of twist per unit length andGis the transverse modulus of elasticity. From the diagram shown in 1, we can observe that the maximum value of the shearing stress is reached in the pointsBandDwhere it is equals toxz. the components of the shear stress vectorxzandyzare equal to zero on the Oyand Oxaxis, respectively; if we consider the ratio between the two components of the shearing stresses vector we obtain the following relation: this relation expresses the fact that on an arbitrary direction OM the shearing stress vector has a constant direction. Plastic yielding will occur at the extremities of the minor axis of the ellipse whenmax=k, the corresponding twisting moment being equal to: In the case of an elliptic section having an elliptic hole ( 2), the shearing stresses variation presents the same aspects like in the case of the solid elliptic sections[11]. By considering a section having a shape in the form of an inverse ellipse ( 3), the components of the shearing stress vector will be given by the following relations: xz=2GcsinuF1,yz=2GccosuF2, whereF1andF2are functions that depend onkand on the real parametersuandv[11]. In the case of a lobe keyed section ( 4), by using a conformable transformation, the shearing stress components can be obtained from the following relation: zbeing a complex variable[11]. In the case of a section in the form of a curvilinear triangle ( 5), the maximum shearing stress occurs in the point located at the middle of the triangle side and has the following value: max=1.15Ga, abeing the triangle side[2]and[9]. 2.2. Sections having contours formed by straight sides In the case of a section in the form of equilateral triangle, having the heighthand the equations of its sides given by:View the MathML source, the distribution of the shearing stresses on the section shown in 6presents the following aspects[1],[2],[6]and[8]: the stress vector components can be calculated using the following relations: the maximum intensity of the shearing stress vector will be reached at the middle of the triangle sides and it can be determined using the following relation: whereais the size of the triangle side. Yielding will start to set in when the shear stress vector reaches the intensitykand the twisting moment becomes equal to: the fully plastic twisting moment can be calculated using the following relation: In the case of a rectangular cross-section, the distribution of the shearing stresses presents the following particularities[5],[12]and[15]: the maximum shearing stress occurs at the middle of the longest side, its value being given by the relation: wherebandaare the dimensions of the cross-section (bbeing the longer side) andmis a factor given in tables as a function ofbanda; the distribution of the shearing stresses on the cross-section is shown in 7; we can observe that at the middle of the smaller side the shearing stress is equal to: xzmax=yzmax, being a coefficient also given in tables as a function of ratiob/a. for a given twisting moment and cross-section area, the maximum shearing stress reaches its smallest value in the case of dimensions leading to the smallest polar second moment of area; for a narrow rectangular cross-section[8],[10]and[18], according to equationxz=2Gx, the shearing stress is linear inx; its maximum value occurs at a/2 ( 8) and is given by the relation: yielding starts at the midpoint of the longer sides when the applied twisting moment becomes equal to: the fully plastic twisting moment is given by the following formula: In the case of a square cross-section[1],[8]and[10], by using a harmonic stress function, the maximum shearing stress will be given by the following relation: abeing the square side andAan expression equal to the yielding starts at the midpoint of the square sides when the stress vector reaches the intensityk; in the case of fully plastic torsion, the twisting moment can be calculated using the following relation: 3. Aspects concerning the possibility that axial stress to be generated by torsion Let us consider the particular case of a rectangular bar stressed in torsion by applying the twisting moment at its both ends. After the twisting load application, we can observe the following effects generated by torsion in the twisted bar: the main effect of the twisting load application will be the helical orientation of the initially straight longitudinal edges of bar ( 9a) and hence the change of their length[4]. Thus, by examining the half of a longitudinal section of bar as non-deformed ( 9b) and deformed after its twisting ( 9c) we can remark the following aspects: the initially straight edge AA of the rectangle OAAO will occupy the new position AA, after its helical orientation around a cylindrical surface of radiusR=OA=OA; the helical orientation of the edge AA will determine the modification of its length from the initial valueL0=LAAto the valueLAA=LAA+LA, where LAis the elongation of the edge of bar; the value of the elongation can be calculated using the following formula: whereRis the radius of the cylindrical surface described by the points of edge during torsion,L0the initially length of edge andnis the number of complete rotations of the ends of bar. 3.1. Remark From relation(21), we can observe that the elongation and the changes in length of the edge depend on the applied angle of twist, the position of the edge in comparison with the neutral axis of bar and the dimensions of bar. in the frame of the same rectangle OAAO, we consider now the side MM which after its twisting will become the helix MM folded around a cylindrical surface of radius OM=OM. From the evident inequality OMOA, we can conclude that the length of the helix MM is smaller than the length of the helix AA (LAALMM). Hence, it results that the changes in length of the rectangle sides or edges of bar depend on their position in comparison with the neutral axis of bar. By this point of view, we can divide the longitudinal section of bar in the following two regions as deformed after twisting: the region from the neutral axis and its neighbouring, where the elongation of the rectangle sides presents the smallest values and becomes equal to zero for the neutral axis; the region from the periphery of section, where the elongation of the rectangle sides presents the greatest values. Hence, we can suppose that the region from the neutral axis of bar, where are registered the smallest deformations, will oppose to the tendency manifested by the peripheral region to be elongated under the action of the twisting load. By examining the internal macrostructure on the etched longitudinal section of a square bar, made in low carbon steel and cold twisted with an angle of twist per unit length equal to 9.42102radmm1( 10), we can observe the presence of two distinct regions as deformed in the axial direction. The first region is located in the close proximity of the axis of bar and represents the rolling core, initially present in the non-twisted bar. In this region, the material will oppose to the tendency of bar to be deformed under the action of the twisting moment and hence minimum torsional deformations and the tendency to contract the material fibres will be registered. The second region is located in the peripheral zones of bar, where maximum torsional deformations and considerable elongation of the material fibres will take place. The above-presented aspects are confirmed by analyzing the variation of the material hardness determined in these two regions after one complete revolution of the ends of bar; thus: in the region from the neutral axis of bar, the hardness increases from a value equal to 196 HB before twisting till a value equal to 212 HB after twisting; in the region from the periphery of bar, the hardness increases from the value equal to 207 HB before twisting till a value equal to 230 HB after twisting. The differences between the values of the material hardness from the periphery and the neutral axis of bar can confirm the presence of these two distinct regions as deformed in the axial direction after twisting. Let us now consider two longitudinal edges of the same outer face of a rectangular bar, the first AA that represents the edge of bar and the second NN placed at the middle of the face ( 11). We can remark that, because these edges will be folded during torsion around cylindrical surfaces of different radii (OA and ON, respectively), the resulted helixes will present different lengths (LNNLAA). The above-presented aspects concerning the effects of torsion in the axial direction of non-circular bars can lead to the following conclusions: The modification of the length of bar edges during torsion and the differences in length resulted between the generated helixes indicate and determine the development of axial deformations and stresses in the twisted non-circular bars. 3.2. Remark The aspects relating to the generation and distribution of the axial stresses in the round bars twisted over the yield limit of material are analyzed in[7]. The analysis proves that the axial stresses can be tensile or compressive depending on temperature and material properties. The main cause that determines the appearance of the compressive stresses is attributed to grains deformation, which has a maximum intensity at low temperatures and at the beginning of the deforming process. The slipping of the grains, which has a maximum intensity at high temperatures and at the end of the deforming process is considered the cause that determines the appearance of the tensile stresses. The opposite tendencies manifested between the outer and inner regions of a non-circular bar indicate the generation of two opposite axial stresses in these two regions: tensile in the peripheral region and compressive in the region from the neutral axis. The differences in length resulted between the deformed longitudinal edges from the outer surface of bar and the variation of their elongation as a function of their position in comparison with the neutral axis of bar can explain the warping of the non-circular sections. These differences can, also, indicate the possibility that the distribution of the axial deformations and stresses to become non-uniform on the longitudinal sections of the twisted non-circular bars. 4. Discussion The distribution of the shearing stresses on the cross-section of the twisted bars is imperative to be known because: the values of these stresses are used in design to determine the shape and dimensions of the section of bar; the shearing stresses distribution and value have an important contribution and influence on different phenomena that occur in bar during torsion. The main aspects concerning the shearing stress variation emphasized by the above-presented analysis are as follows: on the cross-section of twisted non-circular bars only shearing stresses will occur and act; these stresses will determine a state of pure shear. the variation of the shearing stresses depends, generally, on the cross-section shape; thus: in the case of an elliptic section, the shearing stresses resultant has a constant direction that is parallel to the direction of the tangent to the boundary where it is cited by the considered radius; in the points of a given diameter the stresses resultant has a linear increase as we move away from its origin. in the case of rectangular, square and triangular sections the variation of the shearing stresses is non-linear on all the directions and depends on the section shape and dimensions. the shearing stress vector attains its maximum value on the contour of cross-section indifferently of its shape; the maximum intensity of the shearing stress vector will be reached in different points of the contour as a function of cross-section shape and dimensions; thus: in the case of an elliptic section, the maximum shearing stress will occurs at the extremities of the minor axis of the ellipse; in the case of a rectangular bar the maximum shearing stress is reached at the midpoints of the longest sides; in the case of an equilateral triangle the maximum shearing stress will occur at the midpoints of the triangle sides. Generally, the shearing stress decrease in the sense of displacement from the outer contour of cross-section to neutral axis and reach the zero value in the point located on the neutral axis. But, as a function of cross-section shape, the zero value of the shearing stress can be also reached and in other points of the cross-section. Let us consider the corner of a rectangular bar ( 12) and an element of area located in the close proximity of this corner. We can observe that, because on the lateral surface of bar the stress componentsxy=zy=0 are equal to zero, the shearing stress componentsxz,yzwill be, also, equal to zero. Hence, we can conclude that, for a polygonal section, the shearing stresses are equal to zero in the close proximity of the corners. From the above-mentioned effect of torsion concerning the modification of the angle between the longitudinal edge and the cross-section edges of a rectangular bar (initially right angles), we can remark the following aspects: the modification of this angle is smaller in the close proximity of the bar edge and greater near the longitudinal axis of the bar face, and, hence, the modification of the cross-section contour will take place. by examining the internal macrostructure of the material on an etched square cross-section ( 14), we can distinguish two regions as deformed in the transverse plane: the first region is located in the close proximity of the axis of bar and represents the rolling core, initially present in the non-twisted bar; the second region is located in the peripheral zones of bar. The irregular shapes of these regions point out that for large angles of twist the deformation on the cross-section can become non-uniform. By taking into account these aspects concerning the non-uniform deformation of cross-section, we can conclude that, in certain conditions, the shearing stresses can become non-uniform distributed on the cross-section of the twisted non-circular bars. The axial stresses can occur during torsion of the non-circular bars and can be generated by the modification in length of the longitudinal sections. These stresses can be tensile or compressive as a function of position of the longitudinal section in comparison with the neutral axis of bar. Thus, on the peripheral sections of bar the tensile stresses will occur and on the inner sections the compressive stresses will act. In certain conditions, the axial stresses can present a non-uniform distribution on the same longitudinal section or between different sections of bar as a function of their position in comparison with the neutral axis. 5. Conclusions The general theory of elastic or plastic torsion, when discusses about the state of stresses generated by torsion in the twisted bar, take only into consideration the shearing stresses that occur on the cross-section. According to the above presented aspects and suppositions, the complete state of stresses generated by torsion in the twisted non-circular bars must consider not only the shearing stresses on the cross-sections but also axial stresses, compressive or tensile, on the longitudinal ones. The development of axial stresses (tensile or compressive) in the twisted non-circular bars can explain the changes in the length (elongations or contractions) that take place during torsion in the case of bars unconstrained from the axial displacement. Hence, the knowledge of the distribution and values of axial stresses that occur during torsion will permit to determine the precise length of the semi-parts used to manufacture different mechanical components using torsion as technologic operation.

Essay on Gender Roles - 2001 Words

The term gender roles refers to the set of social and behavioral norms that are considered appropriate for individuals of a certain gender. These roles vary between cultures. Gender roles, unlike gender itself, are socially constructed. They may reflect the natural aspirations of the gender, or they may be manipulated, resulting in the oppression of a gender. Historically, gender roles have not always been consistent with those we have today. Though in many ancient societies men have been dominant to women, there are example where women have been considered equal to men, and where women have been dominant over men. In hunting and gathering societies, such as the ones of early humans, males and females were considered equal. Because of†¦show more content†¦Although, men and women were not fully equal, women still had many more rights in Egypt than in other civilizations. Ancient Sparta, one of the many Greek city-states, was unique in the sense that Spartan women and men shared equal rights and opportunities, where women were considered lesser in other Greek societies. While Sparta might be seen as a male dominant society, due to its war-like, violent nature, women were not considered inferior by the men. At birth, both male and female babies were bathed in wine to test their strength. Those who failed this test were abandoned. Boys were enrolled in military school at the age of seven, and female children were given education at this time. The Spartans were the only Greeks who included the education of women as a state policy. Women did not learn domestic tasks during this education. They were given physical training and taught gymnastics, javelin, foot races and staged battles. While men were away at battle, women were often the ones defending the city from invaders. Spartan women were not required to stay at home all day like other Greek women. Th e women also possessed economic power, controlling property and the family wealth. Women often voiced their opinions, while the men listened to their wives as well. Although these freedoms wereShow MoreRelatedGender, Masculinity, And Gender Roles1380 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment, but is instead, viewed from the perspective of women themselves. They are not observed from outside in, but from the inside out. At the same time, Danzon reverses and thus subverts the classic representations of gender, while relocating and challenging gender roles. Unlike the common representation of women in former Mexican cinema, femininity is not defined as being an opposition to masculinity in the film. In fact, men almost rarely appear. When they do appear, they appear as constructedRead MoreThe Role Of Socialization And Gender Roles852 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTIOn tell me what you are focussing on†¦..family and theirgender roles Socialisation is the process by which a child learns to respect his or her environmental laws such as norms, values and customs. Socialisation helps the infant gradually become self-aware and a knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture into which he or she is born. Children within the primary socialisation of the family learn a great deal from parents and other care givers such as grandparents, grandmothersRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role844 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles can be defined as roles society expects people to play on account of their sex life. Like all roles, gender roles are made up of sets of expectations, so they can be thought of as sets of expirations, so they can be thought of as sets of expectation that are attached to sex.(pp: 220 John E. Farley Michael W. Flota). The key word gender role affects me personally because as recent graduate of high school it’s time for me to go into the real world, of working class gender role of theRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role Essay784 Words   |  4 Pagessession, I will discuss the gender roles in my family. The definition of gender role is the degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviors ascribed by his or her culture (Matsumoto, D. R., Juang 2013, 156). For example, traditional gender roles recommend that males are aggressive, angry, and unemotional. It goes further and explains that the male should leave the home every day to make a living and be the main wage earner. The traditional gender role for the female purpose is toRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesOF SUBMISSION Gender roles Introduction Gender is set of characteristics that may be used to differentiate between female and male through the use of one’s gender or through gender identity therefore. Gender role can be considered as the hypothetical construct in humanities and in many social sciences referring to a set of behavioral and social norms which in a particular culture may be largely regarded to be socially appropriate for individuals of a particular sex, gender roles vary from variousRead MoreThe Shift Of Gender Roles940 Words   |  4 PagesThe Shift of Gender Roles Gender roles are a major component of many wonderful pieces of literature and differ as time passes. The amazing part about reading novels set in different time periods is that as readers we can see the progression of these gender roles throughout time. Willa Cather s novel One of Ours displays both traditional and non-traditional gender roles. These gender roles are displayed through the main characters Claude and Enid, and minor characters such as Leonard Dawson andRead MoreThe Influence Of Gender Roles1404 Words   |  6 Pages The Influence of Gender Role Stereotyping Shawn Berkley Santa Fe College Abstract Study on gender role stereotypes has shown that there are several negative effects of stereotyping. The study on how gender role stereotyping effects children is not as prevalent because most believe that it doesn’t matter, since children are just forming their stereotype so children do not care. However, some psychologists have done some research on it, and from their researchRead MoreGender Roles in Society1047 Words   |  4 PagesBroadly conceptualized, gender roles are what our society expects and values in their community. They shape our behavior and values, thoughts and feelings, even going so far as to denote a person’s worth. Gender roles are present in everyday situations. In the past they strictly dictated the behavior of people in the community (the right to vote, occupations women were allowed to work in), though in the recent past have become more subtle and more successfully challenged. In some instances they areRead MoreThe Gender Roles Of A Woman975 Wo rds   |  4 Pagesshe is immediately outcasted and seen as a problem instead of embraced. Anowa, who is the young lady protagonist in Ama Ata Aidoo’s short story, â€Å"Anowa†, does just that. She challenges the gender roles in many ways throughout the story in order to push back against the idea that all women should accept the role as the passive bystander to her male counterpart that society and traditions have predetermined for her, she ultimately expects more out of her life than just living her mother’s life. RegardlessRead More Gender Roles Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles The affects of gender roles on people greatly change the way the society runs. According to the Websters dictionary the definition of gender are the behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one sex, and the definition of role is a character assigned or assumed. The key word in this definition is assumed; therefore, whether you are male or female, you know what role you must play in society. Traditional gender roles are beneficial

How effectively did the Soviet Union control Eastern Europe from 1945 to 1968 Free Essays

In 1945, it was very important that Stalin gained control over his sphere of influence; WW2 had come to an end, and the future of the Soviet Union was at an unstable point. From 1945-8 Stalin used a series of ‘salami’ tactics to gain control over the Eastern European countries. This would involve setting up communist parties within a country, winning a coalition government, and ultimately, taking over to run a full communist regime. We will write a custom essay sample on How effectively did the Soviet Union control Eastern Europe from 1945 to 1968? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was effective in the sense that Stalin, in the space of three years, was able to takeover seven different countries. However, out of these, only one country – Albania – allowed the takeover without any opposition, the other countries gave more of a struggle. There was obviously some backlash against Stalin’s actions, as they did not run smoothly, and this is why he probably had to use more severe tactics when trying to take control over Eastern Europe. In Bulgaria (1945), Stalin had all opposing party members executed, and was only then able to take full control. After this, Stalin had no problems gaining power over such countries – without further opposition, as the same techniques were used in Poland and Czechoslovakia two to three years later. This shows that Stalin did not want to give way to chance, seeing what would happen in each country gradually, by using the minimum force needed. He wanted to be sure of total control, and therefore used the necessary tactics to succeed – it appears that the most extreme were the most effective. Stalin was able to keep such a tight ‘following’ due to the fear and propaganda that followed his infamous Red army. He had placed them within his sphere as a warning to the people. If they opposed, they would be dealt with by the Red Army through means of ‘re-education’. They kept an eye over the people, and crushed any sort of uprising. This would have been a deterrent enough for anybody looking to rebel against communism. This proved to be effective as there are no real incidences where the Red army have been called in to sort out a situation (apart from in Hungary and Czechoslovakia, but that was under different circumstances). When Stalin saw the lure of the Marshall Plan, he definitely felt under pressure to counteract this – coming up with Comecon 1949. This shows he was desperate, as firstly, this goes against communist views, as the idea was to send money to communist countries to aid them in their economic process. This was a bribe, nonetheless; but it worked. No countries already within the control of the Soviet Union left the sphere – if they were tempted by money, they could still have it, and Stalin would still have control. They only probably stayed with Stalin out of the fear of the consequences, and therefore this tactic was successful due to previous attempts of control, mainly because of the Red Army. Stalin finally dies in 1953, and Khrushchev takes over. He introduces a new relaxed policy, and looks to ‘de-Stalinise’ Eastern Europe, hoping to promote better relations with the West. Subsequently, other countries within the sphere wanted a more liberal government, and started to rebel. This shows that Stalin himself, along with his attitude and thinking, was an effective way to keep control over Eastern Europe. he was not a liberal man, he insinuated fear and death throughout the people, who dared not oppose. Now that there is a more liberal leader in office, the people feel this is the opportunity they need to express their feelings. What Khrushchev may have done wrong, was to initiate an ‘instant’ change, which could not be done on a large scale in regards to the whole of Eastern Europe at one given time. Stalin was effective in what he did, as he used gradual changes to implant his policy. 1953 also saw riots in Czechoslovakia, where people where burning Soviet flags and demolishing Stalin statues – this was an obvious attack on Soviet power. However, the riots were quickly put down by the Red army, but the consequences were not great ones, and therefore encouraged strikes in East Germany to occur. East Germans aired their grievances about wage cuts, but the Red army was called in to crush all uprising. 400 people were killed; Khrushchev was reverting back to Stalin’s old methods, however people were not put off, as there are further problems in Hungary in 1956. Does this mean that the Red Army were no longer feared, or was there a change in attitude from the people? A level of both, most likely, but why? This leads back to Stalin and fear that he as an individual imposed on the countries. Khrushchev did not have that same effect, and from then on, people were more open to oppose him, knowing they could probably get away with a lot more. There was also a problem with East Germany, and how the collapse of it could have been crucial, in terms of ‘winning’ the Cold War. Germany had been one of many significant factors in the Cold War, and a collapse in Germany would mean a collapse in Soviet power if the West were to reclaim it. This might have been a short term cause for the Warsaw Pact in 1955 – the Soviet’s version of NATO – this not only gained support against the West, but also helped to unite a dividing sphere. This does not prove to be of any worth (at this time) as in the following year, Hungary has a revolution. There main aim was to get rid of Rakosi – a mini Stalin – through mass demonstrations, which later turned into street fighting. Oddly, Khrushchev introduces Nagy as the new leader of Hungary, instead of sending in the Red army. Was it now that he realised that the Red army did not have so much of an effect that it used to? This is the first time compromising had been used, but quickly backfired. Riots continued, and Nagy had declared Hungary would be leaving the Warsaw Pact. The S.U. was looking at losing control over one country, and sure enough, others would follow. The Soviets again, reverted back to trusted methods, calling in the Red Army to crush all uprising – killing Nagy in the process. The exact same happened with Czechoslovakia in 1968. It now seems that from 1945-68, there were times when the Soviet had complete control over Eastern Europe, and others, quite the opposite. Stalin had realised that in order to have control, he would have to use extreme tactics – the fear of the Red Army, propaganda etc. He also knew that with complete control, there was no edge way for choice or compromise with the people. This is where Khrushchev went wrong, expecting to have complete control when he gave individual countries more power. Knowing of such a relaxed attitude, the people then took advantage of this, and were no longer scared of the repercussions, as there is uprising after uprising under Khrushchev’s rule. By the mid-50’s effective control is on its way to becoming highly non-existent. How to cite How effectively did the Soviet Union control Eastern Europe from 1945 to 1968?, Papers

Marketing Plan Skylarknet a Wireless free essay sample

Wireless mesh networking is the latest tech in this field. Internet pro Wireless networks provide unprecedented freedom and mobility for a growing number of laptop and PDA users who no longer need wires to stay connected with their workplace and the Internet. Ironically, the very devices that provide wireless service to these clients need lots of wiring themselves to connect to private networks and the Internet. This wiring is expensive to install and change, and deployment must be carefully planned and timed to minimize disruption to normal business operations.Permits or permissions may be required, and then there are the laborious tasks of pulling, terminating and testing the copper wiring or fiber optic cabling. With all the work involved, it should not be surprising that wiring can be the most expensive part of a â€Å"wireless† network! Indeed, the many obstacles associated with wiring are now preventing or delaying the deployment of wireless applications that could deliver a real competitive advantage or a high return on invest ment—or both. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan Skylarknet a Wireless or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This marketing plan provides an overview of implementing Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) service for the first time in the suburban areas ofBangladesh. Wireless Mesh Network is an exciting new technology which has tremendous potential especially for a developing country like Bangladesh. Quite a few African countries are already benefiting from this novel technology. Supported by the growing buying power, a number of desktop and laptop users in the suburban areas of Bangladesh are badly in need of high quality internet service. In the world of internet the best suitable option stands for the suburban areas is the wireless technology.We plan to act as a service and equipment provider for the local ISP dealers and some institutional market such as university campus, NGO, hospitals and nursing home etc. As we are the pioneer of this new technology we conducted an insightful analysis of the competitor’s position and their offerings. The marketing plan starts with the situational analysis of the current market. External and internal factor analysis (SWOT analysis) provides a clear picture of current scenario. Grameen Phone, Qubee, Banglalion, ZoomUltra are our main competitors.But the cost of their offering is much higher than ours. Because there lies a higher establishment cost. Eliminating wires dramatically reduces the implementation costs, and substantially simplifies on-going operations. Without wires, the network becomes far more adaptable and flexible. That’s why we focus on the cost effectiveness and performance of the WMN service. We identify our company as a market challenger and set some strategies suitable for the challengers. Some pilot projects are planned to create the awareness among target customers.Based on these projects success further promotional and pricing strategies are set. In the later part of the report the feasibility of this marketing plan is justified by the financial analysis. Expense and sales are forecasted for the next three years followed by a break-even analysis. Overall monitoring and contingency plan (in the case of failure) completes the total planning for our company. Introduction In this world of modern technology, most people prefer not to connect computers with Ethernet cables because excessive cables scattered throughout their office or home is unsightly.One can choose to install a wireless network to avoid excessive cabling. For a wireless network, there is no need to use Ethernet cables to connect your computers to the DSL or router. Moreover, WLANs are available anywhere in the world at an affordable cost. In the suburban and rural areas Wireless tech suits best. Wireless mesh networking is the newest tech in wireless field. Our objective is to identify the potential suburban customers of Bangladesh who can afford a cost-effective internet service. Origin of the StudyThis report has been prepared a requirement to fulfill the course. This report evaluates the business opportunity of latest wireless mesh network technology in the suburban areas of Bangladesh from service provider point of view. Objective of the Study The primary objective of this report is to fulfill the course requirement of â€Å"Marketing Management†. The secondary objective is to describe a detail marketing plan for a new technology. Limitation of the Study There is no authentic statistics about the potential number of internet users in the suburban areas of Bangladesh.As this is a new technology, the costs of the equipments vary depending on the different manufacturers. We are making a new entry, so the estimation of potential market is based on the secondary data of other existing competitors rather than the primary data. Sales and expense is forecasted on the discretion of our part that may vary widely in real case implementation. Unavailability of previous year’s financial report necessitates greater recourse to mere guessing in some cases. Situational Analysis What is WMN (Wireless Mesh Network)?Mesh networks represent an emerging wireless networking technology that promises wider coverage than traditional wireless LANs and lower deployment and operation costs than 3G cellular networks. For these reasons, network operators and service providers consider mesh networking to be a serious candidate to solve the so called last mile problem. Some network operators worldwide have already started to deploy mesh based access networks offering nearly ubiquitous and inexpensive wireless Internet connections to their customers. Examples are Ozones mesh network in Paris (www. zone. net/en/) and The Cloud in the City of London (www. thecloud. net). The real business potential lies in operator based mesh networks. By their systematic design, deployment, and maintenance, operator based mesh networks provide higher levels of Quality-of-Service (QoS), meaning larger coverage, higher speed, and more reliable operation. In addition, it can be argued that mesh network operators in a given geographical area will cooperate in order to further optimize their costs and increase the QoS provided by their networks.The form of the cooperation can range from traditional roaming agreements to joint provision of specific services. Figure 1: Wireless Mesh Network Strategic planning is important because in well-run companies the goal from the very top of the organization down to where one is working should form a more-or-less unbroken chain (or â€Å"hierarchy†) of goals. At the top of the company the president and his or her staff set strategic goals. These goals should flow from top and make sense in terms of the goals at the next level up. Then the vice presidents’ subordinates set their own goals, and so on down the line.In this way, management creates a hierarchy or chain of departmental goals, from the top down the lowest-ranked managers, and even employees. Then , if everyone does his or her job-if each salesperson sells his her quota, and the sales manager hires enough good salespeople, and the HR manager creates the right incentive plan, and the purchasing head buys and CEO should also accomplish the overall, company-wide strategic goals. One could therefore say with great certainty that without a clear plan at the top, no one in the company would have the foggiest notion of what to do.Wireless Internet Market in Bangladesh Wireless Internet Service was first introduced to Bangladesh in public by cell phone giant Grameen Phone. Then other GSM mobile phone operators like Banglalink, Aktel and Warid follow suit. Citycell, the only CDMA based mobile phone operator in Bangladesh introduced the Zoom internet service, which was a little different from the other mobile phone operators in that consumers could connect to internet by using a USB modem included in the Zoom package. Later on Grameen Phone also introduced a package where they include an USB modem.

Black Studies essays

Black Studies essays African's past can be dated back to millions and millions of years. People from every continent is a descendant of the African origin. This essay will explain African's isolation to the rest of the world and some of the famous contributions and some of Africa's contributions to our world. Researchers have found that African people were the home of the first human beings. They have found fossils and archaeological findings that support thus evidence and by genetic research. These findings date back to 4.4 million years ago in Ethiopia. Actually human beings date back to 40 thousand years, these people were discovered also in Ethiopia. Around 10 thousand BC the Fertile Crescent had a large agricultural lands that produced vegetation, economic wealth, and brought people together. 7000 thousand years later the land became unagricultural and started to look the way it looks today in the Sahara Desert. This divided the continent into 2 parts, the North and the South. This made trade and contact to others extremely difficult. Poor soils due to shortage of water have taken its toll on Africa too. This is because poor soils lead to bad vegetation, which leads to less food, and then there are fewer jobs and less wealth. Fewer good also lead to diseases related to not eating well. Also Africa doesn't connect to any particular place. It has no rivers leading into the seven oceans, so there is not transportation or communication to those in the middle of Africa. This means no imports or exports therefore, any economic wealth. Africa is made of 400 million people throughout 50 countries with 800 different languages, which is probably difficult for communication and understanding of each other's. Leading again to Africa taking power of the world. Europe had labeled Africa as the "Dark Continent" because they didn't know much about it. Even though thousands of years ago their customs and ways of doing things originated ...

The Historic Fight over the Mountain of Light

The Historic Fight over the Mountain of Light Its only a hard lump of carbon, after all, yet the Koh-i-Noor diamond exerts a magnetic pull on those who behold it. Once the largest diamond in the world, it has passed from one famous ruling family to another as the tides of war and fortune have turned one way and another over the past 800 or more years. Today, it is held by the British, a spoil of their colonial wars, but the descendant states of all its previous owners claim this controversial stone as their own. Origins of the Koh i Noor Indian legend holds that the Koh-i-Noors history stretches back an incredible 5,000 years, and that the gem has been part of royal hoards since around the year 3,000 BCE.   It seems more likely, however, that these legends conflate various royal gems from different millennia, and that the Koh-i-Noor itself was probably discovered in the 1200s CE. Most scholars believe that the Koh-i-Noor was discovered during the reign of the Kakatiya Dynasty in the Deccan Plateau of southern India (1163 - 1323).   A precursor to the Vijayanagara Empire, Kakatiya ruled over much of present-day Andhra Pradesh, site of the Kollur Mine.   It was from this mine that the Koh-i-Noor, or Mountain of Light, likely came.    In 1310, the Khilji Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Kakatiya kingdom, and demanded various items as tribute payments.   Kakatiyas doomed ruler Prataparudra was forced to send tribute north, including 100 elephants, 20,000 horses - and the Koh-i-Noor diamond.   Thus, the Kakatiya lost their most stunning jewel after less than 100 years of ownership, in all likelihood, and their entire kingdom would fall just 13 years later. The Khilji family did not enjoy this particular spoil of war for long, however.   In 1320, they were overthrown by the Tughluq clan, the third of five families that would rule the Delhi Sultanate. Each of the succeeding Delhi Sultanate clans would possess the Koh-i-Noor, but none of them held power for long. This account of the stones origins and early history is the most widely accepted today, but there are other theories as well. The Mughal emperor Babur, for one, states in his memoir, the  Baburnama,  that during the 13th century the stone was the property of the Raja of Gwalior, who ruled a district of Madhya Pradesh in central India.   To this day, we are not entirely certain if the stone came from Andhra Pradesh, from Madhya Pradesh, or from Andhra Pradesh via Madhya Pradesh. The Diamond of Babur A prince from a Turco-Mongol family in what is now Uzbekistan, Babur defeated the Delhi Sultanate and conquered northern India in 1526.   He founded the great Mughal Dynasty, which ruled northern India until 1857.   Along with the Delhi Sultanates lands, the magnificent diamond passed to him, and he modestly named it the Diamond of Babur.   His family would keep the gem for just over two hundred rather tumultuous years. The fifth Mughal emperor was Shah Jahan, justly famous for ordering the construction of the Taj Mahal.   Shah Jahan also had an elaborate jeweled gold throne built, called the Peacock Throne. Crusted with countless diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and pearls, the throne contained a significant portion of the Mughal Empires fabulous wealth.   Two golden peacocks adorned the throne; one peacocks eye was the Koh-i-Noor or Diamond of Babur; the other was the Akbar Shah Diamond. Shah Jahans son and successor, Aurangzeb (reigned 1661-1707), was persuaded during his reign to allow a Venetian carver called Hortenso Borgia to cut the Diamond of Babur.   Borgia made a complete hash of the job, reducing what had been the worlds largest diamond from 793 carats to 186 carats. The finished product was quite irregular in shape and did not shine to anything like its full potential.   Furious, Aurangzeb fined the Venetian 10,000 rupees for spoiling the stone. Aurangzeb was the last of the Great Mughals; his successors were lesser men, and Mughal power began its slow fade. One weak emperor after another sit on the Peacock Throne for a month or a year before being assassinated or deposed. Mughal India and all of its wealth were vulnerable, including the Diamond of Babur, a tempting target for neighboring nations. Persia Takes the Diamond In 1739, the Shah of Persia, Nader Shah, invaded India and won a great victory over Mughal forces at the Battle of Karnal. He and his army then sacked Delhi, raiding the treasury and stealing the Peacock Throne.   Its not entirely clear where the Diamond of Babur was at the time, but it may have been in the Badshahi Mosque, where Aurangzeb had deposited it after Borgia cut it. When the Shah saw the Diamond of Babur, he is supposed to have cried out, Koh-i-Noor! or Mountain of Light!, giving the stone its current name.   In all, the Persians seized plunder estimated at the equivalent of 18.4 billions dollars US in todays money from India.   Of all the loot, Nader Shah seems to have loved the Koh-i-Noor the most. Afghanistan Gets the Diamond Like others before him, though, the Shah did not get to enjoy his diamond for long.   He was assassinated in 1747, and the Koh-i-Noor passed to one of his generals, Ahmad Shah Durrani.   The general would go on to conquer Afghanistan later that same year, founding the Durrani Dynasty and ruling as its first emir. Zaman Shah Durrani, the third Durrani king, was overthrown and imprisoned in 1801 by his younger brother, Shah Shuja.   Shah Shuja was infuriated when he inspected his brothers treasury, and realized that the Durranis most prized possession, the Koh-i-Noor, was missing.   Zaman had taken the stone to prison with him, and hollowed out a hiding place for it in the wall of his cell.   Shah Shuja offered him his freedom in return for the stone, and Zaman Shah took the deal. This magnificent stone first came to British attention in 1808, when Mountstuart Elphinstone visited the court of Shah Shujah Durrani in Peshawar.   The British were in Afghanistan to negotiate an alliance against Russia, as part of the Great Game.   Shah Shujah wore the Koh-i-Noor embedded in a bracelet during the negotiations, and Sir Herbert Edwardes noted that, It seemed as if the Koh-i-noor carried with it the sovereignty of Hindostan, because whichever family that possessed it so often prevailed in battle. I would argue that in fact, causation flowed in the opposite direction - whoever was winning the most battles usually nabbed the diamond.   It would not be long before yet another ruler would take the Koh-i-Noor for his own. The Sikhs Grab the Diamond In 1809, Shah Shujah Durrani got overthrown in turn by another brother, Mahmud Shah Durrani.   Shah Shujah had to flee into exile in India, but he managed to escape with the Koh-i-Noor.   He ended up a prisoner of the Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh, known as the Lion of the Punjab.   Singh ruled from the city of Lahore, in what is now Pakistan. Ranjit Singh soon learned that his royal prisoner had the diamond. Shah Shujah was stubborn, and did not want to relinquish his treasure.   However, by 1814, he felt that the time was ripe for him to escape from the Sikh kingdom, raise an army, and try to retake the Afghan throne.   He agreed to give Ranjit Singh the Koh-i-Noor in return for his freedom. Britain Seizes the Mountain of Light After Ranjit Singhs death in 1839, the Koh-i-Noor was passed from one person to another in his family for about a decade. It ended up as the property of the child king Maharaja Dulip Singh.   In 1849, the British East India Company prevailed in the Second Angol-Sikh War and seized control of the Punjab from the young king, handing all political power to the British Resident.    In the Last Treaty of Lahore (1849), it specifies that the Koh-i-Noor Diamond is to be presented to Queen Victoria, not as a gift from the East India Company, but as a spoil of war.   The British also took 13-year-old Dulip Singh to Britain, where he was raised as a ward of Queen Victoria.   He reportedly once asked to have the diamond returned, but received no answer from the Queen. The Koh-i-Noor was a star attraction of Londons Great Exhibition in 1851.   Despite the fact that its display case prevented any light from striking its facets, so it essentially looked like a lump of dull glass, thousands of people waited patiently for a chance to gaze at the diamond each day.   The stone received such poor reviews that Prince Albert, Queen Victorias husband, decided to have it recut in 1852.    The British government appointed Dutch master diamond-cutter, Levie Benjamin Voorzanger, to recut the famous stone.   Once again, the cutter drastically reduced the size of the stone, this time from 186 carats to 105.6 carats.   Voorzanger had not planned to cut away so much of the diamond, but discovered flaws that needed to be excised in order to achieve maximum sparkle.    Prior to Victorias death, the diamond was her personal property; after her lifetime, it became part of the Crown Jewels.   Victoria wore it in a brooch, but later queens wore it as the front piece of their crowns.   The British superstitiously believed that the Koh-i-Noor brought bad fortune to any male who possessed it (given its history), so only female royals have worn it.   It was set into the coronation crown of Queen Alexandra in 1902, then was moved into Queen Marys crown in 1911.   In 1937, it was added to the coronation crown of Elizabeth, the mother of the current monarch, Queen Elizabeth II.   It remains in the Queen Mothers crown to this day, and was on display during her funeral in 2002. Modern-Day Ownership Dispute Today, the Koh-i-Noor diamond is still a spoil of Britains colonial wars.   It rests in the Tower of London along with the other Crown Jewels.    As soon as India gained its independence in 1947, the new government made its first request for the return of the Koh-i-Noor. It renewed its request in 1953, when Queen Elizabeth II was crowned. Indias parliament once again asked for the gem in 2000. Britain has refused to consider Indias claims. In 1976, Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto asked that Britain return the diamond to Pakistan, since it had been taken from the Maharaja of Lahore.   This prompted Iran to assert its own claim.   In 2000, Afghanistans Taliban regime noted that the gem had come from Afghanistan to British India, and asked to have it returned to them instead of Iran, India, or Pakistan. Britain responds that because so many other nations have claimed the Koh-i-Noor, none of them have a better claim to it than Britains.   However, it seems pretty clear to me that the stone originated in India, spent most of its history in India, and really should belong to that nation.

Managing Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Managing Across Cultures - Essay Example In this case then the managing across the different cultures should be professional without any discrimination drawn on the lines of culture. It is then common to find many news articles and other published materials addressing advocating for the effective management across cultures in all business organizations or companies. Therefore, the implications of business management and other aspects of culture in business decision making are mostly outlined in such articles. I found such an article with the title â€Å"Build on Your Strengths Instead of Focusing on Flaws.† In this article, Harjit Gill who is the chief executive of an electronics company based in Singapore gives his experience on how to manage the company with a team of employees with different cultures in order to meet the company’s objectives. As explained in Kolesnikov-Jessop (2014), Gill explains that a good manager is a person that is very transparent to others and someone that other people are always free to talk to and seek help from in case of any challenges or problems at the workplace. He explains that all these draw the line between a team leader and a team manager. This means that when it comes to managing and organization, one needs to ensure that that the team he is managing get to learn and step up from the level they are in. when it is about delegation of duties, an employee should be able to understand that decision made by the manger and identify how the decision is good for them and the whole organization. Gill also gives his experience while managing across cultures in the company. He says that one should generalize issues without considering the composition of the workforce and instead get to know the people well and the different cultural aspects in them (Kolesnikov-Jessop, 2014). It is important them to pull the different people into one team that can learn from each other by leveraging the differences in cultural traits of the

Contemporary Scenario of Service Industry Essay

Contemporary Scenario of Service Industry - Essay Example In this paper, the researcher has discussed on various strategies and models adopted by service industries to attain competitive advantage and identifying the key success factors of the behind accomplishing their corporate image. The service sector is the portion of the economy that generally produces intangible goods. Throughout the world, service sector faces a high level of competition as there are many buyers and seller in the market. Producing service trend generally requires less natural capital and more human capital. One of the major benefits of growing service sector is less pressure on the local and global environment (Reed and DeFillippi, 1990). Presently developing countries give more emphasis on service sector in comparison to the other sectors. In the modern world, the growth of service sector is particularly important as it allows employing educated labor force and thus, reducing unemployment and economic crisis. In the service sector, service quality is one of the basic tools to gain competitive advantage. As defined by West and DeCastro (2001), there is no proper definition of the service quality due to the existence of discrepancies among the people. Measuring service quality is the most recurrent topic in management literature. However, (Youndt et al. 1996) described that perceived service quality by the people is the best way to measure attributes of the service over which the company has control. Youndt et al. (1996) developed a conceptual framework of service quality where they identified five major gaps that could impact customer’s evaluation of service qualities in various industries in service sectors, for instance, banking, tourists, event,  and hospitality. These gaps were: Service firms may not always understand what service or features they must have in their product to meet needs of the customers, or what level of features needed to be added in order to deliver high-quality service. This gap arises when firms positively identify wants of the customers, but the means to deliver service according to their expectation does not exist (Godard, 2001).

Flowers and Fairytale :: Free Descriptive Observation Essay

Flowers and Fairytale By the school, there is a little garden with a water fountain and several little trees around it. Each tree is grounded in a two-foot high cement block. The tree is covered with leaves, and the leaves have scattered flowers around them. The fountain contains several little water shooters, shooting out forms of water, which resembles the flower as a dancing fairy. The flowers start at the bottom of the tree. The ring of flowers surround the tree. They are made up of many bright colors of red, pink, violet, blue and white. From a distance there appears to be a swarm of them. The flowers’ petals are soft and sweet smelling. They don’t suffocate my senses, though. The flowers are like a weak perfume. They are gentle and subtle. When I touched one of the flowers in my hand, it was as soft as silk. I realized that they were so fragile, because they sliced apart very easily. The flowers are held captive by the army of leaves. The green leaves are mixed in with the flowers. The shades of the green leaves range from light yellowish green to dark bluish green. Most of them are shaped like tiny bananas and others are wider, like pears or apples. The crashing water near by drowns out the scent of the leaves’ chlorophyll. Some of the leaves are almost as smooth as the flowers, but some are rough, similar to a rug. The leaves are grouped together like many little trees. The trees and leaves cover the soil and the bottom part of the tree—like a drooping green gown. The tree is very much like a queen, wearing its dress of leaves. I would not reach out and touch it—because it would be rude. At the shoulders of the tree—the branches fork off into three directions. The thick branches hold up more green leaves—the delicate kind—shaping the head of the tree like a mushroom. The tree resembles a green Queen Amadalia—young and bright. When I looked up at her, you see the sunlight reflect off her hair—the leaves—creating a peaceful glow. It blurs everything, however, and I had to stop looking. The wind does blow the leaves, but it is so lightly that you can barely tell. The fountain near by spurts out water in this direction. I look over there and see groups of dancing water in the wide square pool. Flowers and Fairytale :: Free Descriptive Observation Essay Flowers and Fairytale By the school, there is a little garden with a water fountain and several little trees around it. Each tree is grounded in a two-foot high cement block. The tree is covered with leaves, and the leaves have scattered flowers around them. The fountain contains several little water shooters, shooting out forms of water, which resembles the flower as a dancing fairy. The flowers start at the bottom of the tree. The ring of flowers surround the tree. They are made up of many bright colors of red, pink, violet, blue and white. From a distance there appears to be a swarm of them. The flowers’ petals are soft and sweet smelling. They don’t suffocate my senses, though. The flowers are like a weak perfume. They are gentle and subtle. When I touched one of the flowers in my hand, it was as soft as silk. I realized that they were so fragile, because they sliced apart very easily. The flowers are held captive by the army of leaves. The green leaves are mixed in with the flowers. The shades of the green leaves range from light yellowish green to dark bluish green. Most of them are shaped like tiny bananas and others are wider, like pears or apples. The crashing water near by drowns out the scent of the leaves’ chlorophyll. Some of the leaves are almost as smooth as the flowers, but some are rough, similar to a rug. The leaves are grouped together like many little trees. The trees and leaves cover the soil and the bottom part of the tree—like a drooping green gown. The tree is very much like a queen, wearing its dress of leaves. I would not reach out and touch it—because it would be rude. At the shoulders of the tree—the branches fork off into three directions. The thick branches hold up more green leaves—the delicate kind—shaping the head of the tree like a mushroom. The tree resembles a green Queen Amadalia—young and bright. When I looked up at her, you see the sunlight reflect off her hair—the leaves—creating a peaceful glow. It blurs everything, however, and I had to stop looking. The wind does blow the leaves, but it is so lightly that you can barely tell. The fountain near by spurts out water in this direction. I look over there and see groups of dancing water in the wide square pool.

Management, Personal and Study Skills

In this section of my assessment for the Study Skills assignment, I will be producing a report, which will outline the contribution that I made within my group in our presentation on ‘Northern Ireland'. The presentation was conducted by a small group from the Business and Management Studies class in Lancaster. The group consisted of five individuals, namely Chris Gallagher, Peter Stephenson, David Long, Arif Patel and myself. The purpose of the presentation was to inform the audience of the main aims and objectives of the assignment, and educate the audience of the main findings of the written report and country analysis. Furthermore, the group believed that it would be beneficial to enlighten the audience of the conclusions and recommendations that we had made which related to the findings. Within the group, I contributed a great deal in the planning and writing up of the assignment. Our group communicated amongst itself both efficiently and effectively. Although we gathered on only the one occasion outside academic hours, this was extremely constructive as we were able to discuss and arrange the nine distinct sections of the presentation. The reason we were unable to meet up more often is due to the fact that I did not have any contact numbers for the people in my group. This is because I was initially intending to work with a group from the Business and Management Studies class in Carlisle, which is where I have been studying the module. However, due to certain circumstances this was altered. Despite such impediments, the presentation was successfully completed before the deadline date to the anticipated standard. In order to bring the presentation together, we firstly completed the written section of the assessment, in which we again as a group were required to conduct a country analysis of Northern Ireland, which would cover all the aspects mentioned subsequently in this report. Accordingly, we condensed the information contained in our assignments, and utilised the most important points in order to produce an effective presentation. Whilst completing the written section of the assignment, we met up on more than one occasion to complete the assessment. As a result of the meetings, we decided to make a PowerPoint presentation of our chosen island, which was Northern Ireland and the various applicable issues. Our presentation was required to last for no longer than fifteen minutes and no less than ten minutes. Upon completion of the presentation, it was apparent that most of our presentation ran according to plan and the learning outcomes that were outlined before the presentation had been met. During the group discussions, we chose to write about different aspects of Northern Ireland, namely the aims, the economic overview, the political stability and the primary export strengths. In the group, my role was to explicate the social issues in Northern Ireland. The presentation also included information on tourism, the transport infrastructure, the conclusion of our presentation and finally the recommendations we made on Northern Ireland. My role within the group of the nine sections comprised of the social issues and a point from the conclusion section in the presentation. Firstly, I decided to research the various social issues of Northern Ireland, and aimed to expand on a number of these issues. I investigated these certain aspects by using different types of research. The group decided on using OHT's and Microsoft PowerPoint in order to communicate effectively with our audience. Therefore, the research, which I collected on the social issues of Northern Ireland, which was my role in the presentation, was put on both OHT's and Microsoft PowerPoint. My role in the work of the group for the presentation involved introducing the facts of the social issues of Northern Ireland and writing up on one of the four points in the conclusion, which was linked to the social issues. I explained the four main social issues to the class and why these points exist. (See Appendix 1). The remaining sections were completed by the other members my group. We all contributed to reading the conclusion and recommendations' slides in which we alternatively talked through all the points. Firstly, Craig Gallagher talked the class through the first two slides on the aims of Northern Ireland and the economic overview of the country, whereas David Long covered the political stability and the tourism sections. Peter Stephenson covered the section on the primary export strengths, leaving the transport infrastructure to Arif Patel. These members of the group also took certain points and went into detail when discussing their sections for the presentation. At the end of our presentation, we held a plenary session in which our audience were asked if they would like to ask any questions which could be answered on the different aspects which we discussed in our presentation. This demonstrated the audience's understanding of the information presented. The structure of our presentation included the clear use of Microsoft PowerPoint and the use of OHT's. this enabled the group to communicate more effectively with the audience, as it allowed visual aids to correspond with the verbal communication. The whole presentation was conducted around the use of the above in order for the audience to understand thoroughly the purpose of the presentation. I believe that my group successfully informed the class on our topic of Northern Ireland which we had chosen as a group with a mutual agreement. We chose our country from the list that had been given to us. As we held a plenary session towards the end of our presentation in which the class could ask our group questions, this allowed everybody a chance to express their views. All the discussions contained correct answers by the audience, which illustrated that we had covered all the topics effectively and resourcefully. If I was to carry out this particular, or any other, presentation in the future, I would ensure that my PowerPoint document is working well because in our presentation there was a problem with the PowerPoint, due to a technical hitch. This was the only aspect of the presentation which did not go according to plan. As a result of this, we were required to read off our print outs, which we had created in case of such circumstances. Another thing that I would change in the future is to be more organised and time efficient. This is due to the fact that we had to rush to put the presentation together, as we had all worked on our different sections of the assignment individually on our own. Therefore, when we met up we were required to organise our final piece, prior to the presentation. In addition, I feel that getting to know the members of a group and building a relationship between each other is essential, as it can cause some awkwardness when you do not know all the members. However, I was fortunate, as I knew some of them from my Economics class. Even though I did not know all of the members, we worked well together as a group and did not face any issues, which would have made it difficult for us to work as a team. To conclude this report, I feel that we were very successful in informing and motivating the class on our subject. The reason for this is that the class met the objectives, which we outlined at the beginning of our presentation and the met the criteria set in order to pass this section of the assignment.

Televised Aggression Effects on Children and Behavior Essay

Televised Aggression Effects on Children and Behavior With television violence more prevalent than ever before, parents and professionals have been concerned about this type of programming adversely affecting behavior in children. While thousands of studies have been completed on this subject, with most of them showing a direct connection between media violence and belligerent behavior, the ensuing information will show the inadequacies of such theories by further scrutinizing these points of interest: 1. Television Violence 2. Media Perception vs. Age 3. Genetic and Environmental Factors 4. Correlation vs. Causation Television Violence Through movies, talk shows, cartoons and more, our television screens have plainly become†¦show more content†¦Although these and several other correlations between television and children have been fortuitously accepted as causes, by many sources, it is noteworthy to point out that while these ideas may seem definitively linked to aggression, they, in fact, could be far less associated than generally believed. Genetic and Environmental Factors Countless other possibilities, which have been found to contribute to aggressive actions, can be discovered within genetics and a child’s environment. Among these potential contributors are inherited tendencies towards hostility (genetic predisposition), behavior learned from other children and parental abuse. Since impending factors, such as these, are potentially significant to violence issues, it would be premature to assume that one single source of input is ultimately responsible, such as media programming. Correlation vs. Causation When determining the cause of any condition, determining the correlations between a nearby activity, object, or person, is usually the first step of the process and may give what appears to be an obvious solution to the problem under examination. Nevertheless, using the generally accepted application of ‘Correlation vs. Causation’, the findings of such a discovery will only show that a tentative link exists between the target and apparent cause; therefore, these results should not be considered authoritative orShow MoreRelatedTelevised Violence causes Aggression in Young Boys1555 Words   |  7 PagesTelevised Violence causes Aggression in Young Boys Young boys are evidently influenced by things in their environment such as media, peers, and family. 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